اإلعجاس انعه ي يف قىنه ذعاىل

Transcription

1 اإلعجاس انعه ي يف قىنه ذعاىل ( س ق فا ي ف ض ح ) ١

2 ) ٢

3 key words ) ٣

4 ) ) : ٤

5 ٥

6 ) ) ) ) : ٦

7 ). ٧

8 ) ٨

9 ) ) ٩

10 س ق ف واحد نكم تيد أو سقىف يرعددج نكم تيد ٠٠

11 ) ) ) ١١

12 ) ) ) ) ١٢

13 ) هم انسقف واملعارج واألتىاب وانس زر ي ف ضح فقط أو ين ههنة وف ضح ١٣

14 ١٤

15 انرفسري اإلمجايل نآلياخ انساتقح ي خالل كرة انرفسري ١٥

16 اندراسح انعه يح آلياخ سىرج انشخزف املزذثطح تانف ضح: ثذج ع انف ضح وخىاصها: ductility. ١٦

17 silver sulfide silver tarnishing ١٧

18 ١٨

19 ١٩

20 Temperature gradient (W m -1 K -1 ) ٢٠

21 electrical conductivity conductance electric charge movable particles conductor electrical potential conductors vacuum metals insulators semiconductors electrical resistivity IACS International Annealed Copper Standard ٢١

22 Electrical Conductivity ٢٢

23 ٢٣

24 ٢٤

25 contact resistance radio frequency (RF) conductivity arc energy ٢٥

26 visible light electrodeposition reflectivity chemical deposition brazing soldering ٢٦

27 ثذج ع عالقري تانثحس يف يسأنح )س ق فا ي ف ضح( ٢٧

28 حملح ذارخييح ع أحباز انطاقح انش سيح ٢٨

29 semiconductors ٢٩

30 ٣٠

31 أشثاه املىصالخ واخلاليا انش سيح gallium arsenide semi-metal insulators insulators voltage electrical pressure dopant ٣١

32 أ ىاع اخلاليا انش سيح phosphorous boron fixed electrostatic field "extra" outer electrons holes doped layer doped layer electrical imbalance ٣٢

33 حتىيم ضىء انش س إىل كهزتاء photons miniscule movement energy voltage solar module ٣٣

34 gridlines ribbons flat tin-coated copper soldering solar modules inverter solar array used up ٣٤

35 . كيف ذع م اخلاليا انش سيح converters top surface silver-loaded paste front contact screen printing ٣٥

36 the Photovoltaics Special University of New South Wales The (BCSC) Research Centre Buried Contact Solar Cell scriber commercialization ٣٦

37 انس ق ف انف ضيح ذىشك أ ذصثح حقيقح: Federico Pena "Million Solar Roofs Initiative " Flagstaff Solar Partner Program 6.59 photovoltaic facility photovoltaic systems Detroit Edison silver components renewable energy ٣٧

38 Department of Energy (DOE) Pataki rooftop solar panels semiconductor Jeffrey Mazur Photovoltaic Technology Division silver paste crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells evaporated metal engineer electrical contact ٣٨

39 solar units John Thornton National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden The Silver Paul Bateman Institute Lander Mars Pathfinder Sojourner gallium arsenide ٣٩

40 main primary electrical conductor conductor Sojourner ٤٠

41 ٤١

42 أهى املصادر واملزاجع: ٤٢

43 (29) W.W. Porterfield in Inorganic chemistry, a unified approach, Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Reading Massachusetts, USA, (30) I.S. Butler and J.F. Harrod in Inorganic Chemistry, Principles and Applications, Benjamin Cummings, California, USA, (31) G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, (32) N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw in Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth, UK, (33) J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, HarperCollins, New York, USA, (34) P.A. Cox in The Elements : Their Origin, Abundance, and Distribution, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, (35) McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed., 1992, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA. ٤٣

44 (36) A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, (37) D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, (38) J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) htm (49) m (50) (51) (52) (53) als.htm ٤٤

45 اهلىايش ٤٥

46 ) ٤٦

47 fast oxidizer silver nitrate silver rich creams cotton gauze scar tissues cauterisation ٤٧